揭秘“神奇”的椰汁饮料

十年前,椰汁打入美国市场时被宣传成是能抵抗病毒、治疗肾病和其他像骨质疏松这样的小恙的神奇饮料。而今它的全球年销售额达4亿美元,很多消费者认为这种饮料有多种保健作用。但是他们可能没有察觉到,卖家们急剧降低了这样的宣传。 

幼嫩,绿色

不要把椰奶和椰汁混为一谈。椰奶是用椰肉做成的乳白色液体;椰汁是幼嫩的绿色椰子里的透明液体,装在有棱角的利乐包、瓶子或假椰壳里。

后天养成的嗜好

椰汁的味道很奇特,是咸味和甜味的结合。常见的一盒11.2盎司的椰汁中含30至70毫克钠、9至12克糖——比大多数果汁咸,远没有大多数果汁甜。等量的苹果汁含10毫克纳和33克糖——是椰汁糖分含量的三倍。

基本成分

最初的宣传称,椰汁中的矿物质有治疗作用,但是它们的含量很小,而且在其他食物中也广泛存在。比如,一根香蕉含422毫克钾,一盒常见的椰汁含660毫克钾。椰汁含有的三大矿物质是钾(占每日推荐摄入量的19%),钙(4%)和镁(4%)。

与运动饮料相比

Vita Coco是椰汁领导品牌,它曾吹嘘说它的椰汁中的电解质含量是运动饮料的15倍。电解质指的是出汗时流失的钠和钾等物质。2011年的一场集体诉讼声称,该公司的椰汁包装上的一些矿物质含量被夸大了;作为一项和解条件,Vita Coco公司同意不再说它比运动饮料更能补水。“我们不再试图把自己与其他大部分饮料相比较,”该公司的公关亚瑟·加莱戈(Arthur Gallego)说。

最后一项比较

如今,椰汁最大的对手可能是普通的水。它们比较起来又如何呢?科学家们仍在争论这个问题,虽然他们的研究结果不太一样,但是对大部分人来说,喝水就够了。2012年一项发表在国际运动营养协会学刊(Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition)上的研究(由Vita Coco公司资助)发现,年轻男子在一小时的锻炼之后,椰汁和运动饮料的补水效果并不比水更好。

那么它的吸引力是什么?

饮料行业分析师汤姆·珀克(Tom Pirko)在邮件中说,椰汁进入了“消费者的血液深处”,“人们不认为它是‘加工出来的’混合物,而是大地母亲的汁液”。它似乎以自然之水浪潮中的第一位而泰然自居;其他在售的还有枫树、桦树、大麦、仙人掌和洋蓟的瓶装汁液,各自都有华丽的宣传。

不只是饮料

与此同时,椰汁还有其他用途。最畅销的食谱把它用作汤和冰沙的调味剂。它不只可以用来喝:Dial公司推出了用椰汁做保湿剂的香皂和浴液——其包装盒上醒目地点出这一成分。

每天跑步5分钟,益寿延年效果好

最新的一项关于运动与死亡的大范围研究显示,只要每天跑步短短五分钟,就能大大降低人们过早死亡的风险。这一发现意味着,即使是少量的高强度运动,益处可能也远远超出专家们的设想。

最近几年,适度运动,比如健步行走,一直是许多健身研究和多数锻炼建议所强调的重点。例如,美国政府2008年正式发布的运动指南中建议,人们应该每周至少四天,每天做约30分钟的适度运动。仿佛是一个可有可无的补充,建议中还指出,每天用上述时长的一半,即约15分钟做剧烈运动,能带来同样的益处。

但该数据相对缺乏科学依据,因为几乎没有大规模的研究仔细追踪过,剧烈运动量达到多大,才能产生降低疾病风险和延长寿命的效果。至于要想产生同样的效果,剧烈运动量最小可以有多小,相关的研究就更少了。

因此,为了开展周一发表在《美国心脏病学会杂志》(The Journal of the American College of Cardiology)上的这项最新研究,研究人员采用了达拉斯的库珀诊所(Cooper Clinic)和库珀研究所(Cooper Institute)维护的规模庞大的数据库中的信息。这些研究人员来自艾奥瓦州立大学(Iowa State University)、南卡罗来纳大学(University of South Carolina),以及路易斯安那州巴吞鲁日的潘宁顿生物医学研究中心(Pennington Biomedical Research Center)等机构。

几十年来,那里的研究人员一直在收集来到旗下诊所检查身体的人的健康信息。这数万名成年男女在完成大量医学和健康检查之后,填写了关于自己锻炼习惯的问卷,包括他们是否跑步,以及跑步的频率和速度。

研究人员从这个数据库中选择了55137名年龄在18到100岁的健康男性和女性的记录,他们到诊所检查的时间距今至少已有15年之久。在这个群体中,24%的人称自己跑步,不过他们惯常的跑步距离和速度大相径庭。

之后研究人员查看了这些成年人的死亡记录。在这中间15年左右的时间里,几乎有3500人死亡,许多人死于心脏病。

不过,跑步者患病的概率要远远低于不跑步的人。即使研究人员考虑了超重或吸烟的因素(跑步者中吸烟的并不多),跑步者的总体死亡风险也比不跑步的人低30%,而死于心脏病的风险比不跑步的人低45%。即使是超重且吸烟的跑步者,早逝的风险也低于不跑步的人,不论后者体重或吸烟习惯如何。

作为一个整体,跑步者的寿命比从不跑步的人要长三年左右。

值得注意的是,无论人们跑步的时间是长是短,带来的益处基本上是相同的。每周跑步150分钟甚至更长时间的人,或者跑步速度特别快的人(比如每英里六分钟甚至更快),比不跑步的人的寿命更长。不过,他们的寿命并没有比跑步时间最短的那些人长很多,比如那些每天只跑5到10分钟,跑一英里需要10分钟甚至更慢的人。

“我们认为这是一个非常鼓舞人心的消息,”潘宁顿研究所的教授蒂莫西·丘奇(Timothy Church)说。丘奇是约翰·S·麦基尔亨利医学研究讲座教授(John S. McIlhenny Endowed Chair in Health Wisdom),也是该研究的作者之一。“我们谈论的不是马拉松训练,”他说,甚至都不是五公里(3.1英里)赛跑。“大多数人每天都可以跑上五分钟,”他说,“无论多忙,而它对于避免死亡却有惊人的益处。”

他说,这项研究没有直接探究跑步为何以及如何会影响过早死亡的风险,也没有直接探究跑步是否是唯一会带来这种好处的运动。但研究人员的确发现,总的来说,与参与散步等更缓和锻炼项目的人们相比,跑步者死亡的风险更低。

但“这并不一定是说跑步运动本身有什么神奇效果”,丘奇博士说。或许,运动强度才是益寿延年的关键所在,他接着说,“只不过,跑步刚好是多数人最容易进行的剧烈运动。”

丘奇说,当然,过去从未跑过步或者有健康问题的人,在展开跑步计划之前还是应该咨询医生。他接着说,而且,如果在努力跑了五分钟之后,你就是不喜欢跑步,那就换别的运动吧。跳绳,固定单车,或者任何其他累人的运动。五分钟的疲劳就有可能让你的寿命延长好几年。

16 Veggies and Fruits You Should Grill

Forget eggplant parmesan. When grilled, eggplant becomes crispy on the outside and creamy on the inside—no breading or cheese necessary. Slice your eggplant in 1-inch thick slices and coat with extra-virgin olive oil. Place on your grill rack, cooking for 6 minutes per side or until eggplant is tender.

Peaches

Grilling peaches deepens their natural sweetness, and it’s oh-so-easy to do: simply slice them in half, remove the pits, and put them facedown on a grill that’s been preheated to high. Remove when golden brown, about 5 minutes. Try brushing them with honey, sprinkling them with cinnamon, or topping them with Greek yogurt.

Pineapple

Grilling pineapple cuts the fruit’s acidity and turns it into a treat that’s as sweet as candy. Cut your pineapple into wedges or rings and place it on the grill for about 3 minutes per side. Bonus: a half-cup of pineapple provides about 20% of your daily need for vitamin C.

Asparagus

Lightly charred asparagus tossed in a little bit of olive oil, salt, and pepper makes for an incredibly easy and nutritious summer side dish. Place directly on the grill over high heat for 2 to 3 minutes. Asparagus is rich in vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin E.

Tempeh

Vegetarians, listen up! Leave the processed veggie burgers in the freezer and try nutty, tangy tempeh instead. Made from soybeans, tempeh contains about 15 grams of protein per half-cup and is hardy enough to stand up to the grill. Preheat your grill to medium, place the tempeh directly on the grill for about 10 minutes, flipping once, or until it’s brown and cooked through.

Pizza

If you’re craving pizza on a hot day but can’t stand the idea of turning on your oven or shelling out for delivery, why not toss a homemade pie onto your grill? Grilling gives the dough a smoky flavor that’ll remind you of the fancy kind cooked in a woodfired oven.

There are several methods for grilling pizza. Here’s an easy option from Pillsbury: Cut a large piece of heavy-duty aluminum foil and grease it with cooking spray. Spread your pizza dough (store-bought or homemade works) onto the foil. Coat your grill rack with canola oil. Invert the dough onto the grill rack and peel away the foil. Cook until the bottom is golden brown, and then flip the crust using a large spatula and cook for 1 to 2 minutes. Remove the crust from the grill, and add your toppings. Use a pizza peel or a large spatula to put the pizza back onto the grill until the cheese is melted.

Watermelon

Watermelon is a summer superfruit: it’s packed with the antioxidant lycopene and is also a great source of vitamins A and C. To grill, cut your watermelon into big wedges or 1-inch-thick rounds. Place the fruit on a very hot grill for 2 to 3 minutes per side.

Tomatoes

Add a smoky flavor to pasta dishes and salads by grilling your tomatoes over high heat. And it’s easier to do than you’d think; just slice the tomatoes in half, brush the cut sides with olive oil, and place on a grill heated to high for about 3 minutes.

Portobello mushrooms

Swap out your usual ground-beef patty for a Portobello cap and save on saturated fat and calories. Portobellos boast a meaty texture that lends itself perfectly to the grill—just brush them lightly with olive oil, place them gill-side down for 4 minutes, and then flip and cook for an additional 7 minutes.

Zucchini

Zucchini is easy to grow and even easier to grill. Thinly slice the squash lengthwise, coat lightly with olive oil and a sprinkle of salt and pepper, and place on the grill for about a minute, or until marked and tender.

Carrots

You love roasted carrots in the winter; who says you can’t have them in the summer, too? Peel them and put them on the grill instead of the oven. Grill over moderately high heat in a perforated grill pan for about 5 minutes.

Romaine

Grilled lettuce?! Yes! Barbecuing romaine gives your salad a unique smoky flavor. Preheat your grill to medium-high, lightly oil the grates, and grill the lettuce, turning often, until charred in spots (about 2 minutes).

Corn on the cob

You can grill the cobs in their husks or brush them with olive oil and place them directly on the grill. Either way, grilling your corn takes this summer staple to a new level.

Sweet potatoes

If you thought sweet potatoes were a winter-only food, think again. Give taters a summery spin by putting them on the grill. Make grilled sweet potato fries by first pre-cooking the potatoes in a microwave for about 6 minutes. Then, cut them lengthwise into wedges, drizzle them with olive oil, and transfer them to the grill for 3 minutes per side. Try pairing the fries with a bison burger for a sweeter, leaner take on traditional summer cookout cuisine.

Kale

Raw, roasted, stir-fried, and now, grilled—kale may be the most versatile superfood at your grocery store. Blanche the kale before you grill to tenderize the leaves and prevent it from burning. Grill 3 minutes, then flip and cook for another 3 minutes.

Bananas

Give your banana split a summery twist: slice banana in half lengthwise, coat with cooking spray, then grill over medium heat for 2 minutes per side.